Political Economy Essay

Approaches to study of administration Falls under political scholarshipWere made to do the impossibleSummary1 paragraph will do. Provide the insight -Data -Theory accustomd -approach used use other references to prove your point 3 x 5 surname all caps first name email address mobile play On approach deals with different meaning of politics Political Science What is political science & its scope ? Banned words judicature is dirt authorities is nothing more than a means of rising in the terra firma Samuel Johnson Systematic organization of hatred Henry Adams Art of governing valet by deceiving them.BASIS of POLITICS Intellect and Will homo undefended of Thinking government as a rational action at law Man has the capacity to think and realize his wants, demand and interest which be potentially in conflict with others wants, needs, and interests. Man cannot survive on its own. He needs someone else political relation as a social activity 2 or more persons political rel ation as a social activity 2 or more persons Associate with society Politics is bear on with social dynamics.POLITICS AS THE ART OF GOVt What concerns the state Study of politics and exercise of authority Authoritative allocation of social values poser Definition does not provide David Easton Authoritative binding to all apportioning done by the government Social Values anything held important by society budget allocation, privatization, elections Henry Mayo 3 characteristics that separate the political from non-poitical Politics is focused on the governing function by means of which are Limitation on Easton on Mayos concept of PoliticsPOLITICS DOES NOT ONLY HAPPEN IN THE GOVERNMENT POLTICS AS PUBLIC affairs StateDIFFERENCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS PUBLIC PRIVATE State Civil Society Institutions of the State ( machine of government, infrastructure, economy, taxes Autonomous bodies (family, kinship groups, private businesses, trade unionsFunded at the usuals Expense Se t up and funded by individual citizens Responsible for the incorporated organization of community life Responsible for the satisfaction of own interests preferably than the interest of the larger society. Private with this definition EX RH card It should not be affair of the government. Public hunch overledge base vs Private Sphere Restricted to the acitivites of the state itself and the responsibilities that are properly exercised by public bodies Politics should not meddle on personal affairs and institutions POLITICS AS COMPROMISE & CONSESUS A daily activity in which differing interests within a given unity of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in role in proportion to their role in the welfare and the survival of the community Bernard Crick Everything will just be fine for no matter big or small the conflict is, at the end of the day we will just arrive in a compromise. Assumption Conflict is inevitable Resolving conflict through compromise conciliation and nego tiation, rather than violence and coercion.Not limited to governmentPOLITICS IS INEVITABLE LINKED TO THE PHENOMENA OF CONFLICT & COOPERATION Politics as tame science Why Make use other things to make things in order. Existence of rival opinions- conflict People recognize that they have to rick with others cooperation Hannah Arendt- Acting in Concert Otto Von Bismarck- Politics is the art of the possible.POWER AS POWER & DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES What is power? X has power over Y insofar as Robert Dahl X is able, in one expressive style or another, to get Y to do something That is more to Xs liking And which Y would not otherwise have done. Faces of Power As decision-making you shape there decisions As agenda setting You are preventing the person to make a decision As thought control- You are tremendous your preference in an indirect or subtle way. Definition of Politics through POWER and allocation of resourcesFIND THE FOLLOWING QUOTES OF FAMOUS SCIENTISTS Adrian Leftwich- Pol itics is at the heart of all collective social activity, formal and informal, public and private, in all human groups, institutions and societies.Harold Lasswell Politics is, in essence power the ability to achieve a sought after outcome, through whatever means. Kate Millett Politics is a power-structured relationships, arrangements whereby one group of persons is controlled by another. POLITICS- as the constrained use of social power. Robert Goodin & Hans- Dieter Klingemann Constrained because there are already laws establish. Politics takes place in all social activities politics happen at every level of social interaction Politics concern production, dissemination and use of resources in the course of social existence.-Ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means . Approaches to the study of Politics Ontology- the nature of cosmos Epistemology-How do you know what we know? Theoretical concept & idea Empirical- Evidence, posting History- both theory and exper ience Methodology How do we exactly know what we know

Embalmers: Embalming and Early Egyptian Eras

After we die our souls argon taken to either Heaven or Hell, only when what happens with our bodies left on earth? For those who did and did non take good c be of it, the embalmers are the unriv e very(prenominal)ed who brings the dead gage to life, when I say this I squiffy the body not our actual spirit. Embalming can be defined as preserving of the body for burial it has been around for centuries and can be dated back to early Egyptian eras. Embalmers are mellowly trained professionals that perform this abhorrent yet phenomenal task.To become an embalmer you are required to have the by-line knowledge chemistry, Customer and Personal Service, Biology, English Language, Law and Government, education and training, psychology, and memorial tablet and Management. For skill level you need to know service orientation, active listening, wise(p) how to speak to separates, coordination, science, reading comprehension, social perceptiveness, instructing, time management, and criti cal thinking. Most some-valuable thing a person needs to become an embalmer is a high school diploma.Four plus years in college, training in mortuary science, and a license in the state you are severe to become an embalmer. Life of an embalmer is very different from anyone that works with people because their clients are dead. They are hired by funeral directors and work in complete isolation. many another(prenominal) myths are utter that most embalmers are socially inclined because of their morbid job, that that is highly untrue.Embalming is a long process, its start with the pre-embalming this is where this is where the embalmer makes note of any jewelry, discoloration, scars, bruises, etc. n the body if any catheters or clothing is on the body it is also removed. After this is do the embalmer washes the body down with a germicidal soap, killing any germs, and then relaxes the muscles because of rigor mortis and shaves the body because of disclose fuzz will mess up any paper. The second pose is feature setting, this is where the embalmer starts putting the body in the position that they are overtaking to place in the casket.Cotton is placed between the eyes and eyelids to adjudge the eye ball from slipping down in socket. Next, the jaw is close by a suture gun, a curved needle that is injected by dint of the gums of the upper jaw into the nostril and then tied. Third is the arterial embalming this is where embalming unstable is injected into the artery while the blood is being drained from the heart and stains. This takes up to two galloons of usually a mixture of formaldehyde or other chemical and waterOnce this is through the arterial and jugular vein is removed. Almost done, next we need to go through cavity embalming, to me this is most important because all the stuff that lies within the organs most be drained or they will find another escape (and it would be a sad sight to see that during a funeral) so all fluid from left over organs are suctioned out this is done with a trocar. Last is post-embalming, the embalmer does another full wash and hair and makeup are done to give the life-like appearance again.Seems like a lot, but the job keeps the family happy and money in their pocket that is the job waitress stays increasing (mostly because people die every day and embalmers retire) it is said to have the highest growth population in jobs. The first year through the fourth the average salary is $24,134 to $40,828, and those embalmers with 5 to 9 years survive earn average annual salaries between $36,115 and $49,579. Its good pay but if youre the easily squeamish type its definitely not for you. Without embalmers there would be a lot of problems when it came time to funerals. This job is very well exciting and keeps you busy.

Max

The deal, scoop, was directed by Menno Meyjes and those who stared included John Cusack ( goo Roth reality) and Noah Taylor (Adolf Hitler) among others. The major issue in the movie is the subsequentlymath of the First World War where by, afterwarfareds the collapse of the Kaiser Imperial Reich, the Germans entered in to the newly created Weimer Republic and were faced with the problems of unemployment, scantiness and great difference between the haves and have-nots. The essence of the essay is to discuss the major theme, how its presented in the film and the reasons for the historical/ cultures values presented in them film. afterwards the First World War, though the Germans are defeated they remained defiant after the war and are being humiliated by the unjust treaties. . The author/ director expose the kindle and a rabid young man whose prejudice and passion led to death of millions of Jews. Max, a Jewish that was initially a painter and lost his arm in the war hence bec ame an wile dealer in Munich streets where essenceually he meets Hitler, a war veteran, who is penniless and further confused between joining the politics and or the artistic desires, they become close friends since their future had been shattered by the war.Max tries to guide Hitler in to successful artistic business, on the other hand, Hitler has another(prenominal) Mentor, Captain Myer, who acknowledges that Hitler has another potential in the politics. thither is a bark between the two mentors and eventually Myer wins and directs Hitler in to politics. The discussions between Max and Hitler all the way show how connected were the politics and art in Germany at that item time, they further present how the art could the future Germany for better.One of the historical event presented in the movies though the major theme is the trearty of Versailles. After the war, the treaty of Versailles is a major concern to many Germans Myer therefore formed a score which he used to teach propaganda against the Jews. Max tries to divert Hitlers anger in to art just now he does have the idea of how cabalistic is Hitlers anger, Max further tells Hitler that if could pent up the stuff deep down him on the canvas, them many possibilities would unfold Innocent Max at star point of moment tells his children about the Jewish world turning tip down in a couple of decades and after an Anti Semitic presentation which angers Hitler and eventually scribbles on his hand that politics + arts = prop cardinalnt, where by the people provide be the canvas and the politics will be his art. All these are used to support the major them of the film. This film teaches the evolution of a culture that resulted to horrors of the Nazi leading to the cold war.There are some flaws in the film where by it concentrates too a good deal on Maxs life despite good performances by actors like Cusack. Though good, the cinematography and direction does not also display Germany as it would have b een after the First world war but Germany is displayed like it is in the 20th century therefore the discussions between Max and Hitler arent in a historical context. Irrespective of the strong connexion between politic and art, the idea of Hitler beginning from the road as an art dealer to the man we acknowledge as Hitler is a bit nave and too simple and further tries to humanize Hitler despite never excusing his actions occasionally. Hitler though maintained a moustache after the war is presented being open shaved in the film.Max is a fiction story of one early man who was very aversion and the circumstances that led to his evil behavior it further explains why the German nationalism after the WW1 resulted to racial extermination and violence.REFRENCEMax (2002/I), retrieved on 20th, October, 2007, available atwww.imdb.com/title/tt0290210/

Antwone Fisher Essay

Antw unmatchable pekan is a newborn man with anger and temperament issues associated with puerility interpretation of physical and wound up abuse caused by the authoritarian figures of his family. Self-image and true ego have been chall(a)enged, notwithstanding the Navy as various even sots trigger tragic memories from the past. A head-shrinker played by Denzel Washington accepts the challenge to economic aid human study through various methods and intercession techniques. Furtherto a greater extent, intervention helps to remove the layers of negative sensation and cornerstone be accomplished if the right counselor assists with proper intervention techniques.Carl Rogers theorized the importance of looking at ego-importance. He drew a distinction amidst the self perception and the perception of the Ideal-self. thither ar organized patterns associated with the established one self or the many selves. The phenomenal field of the whatsoeverbody includes both unconscious an d conscious perceptions, including those of which an soulfulness is awake(predicate) and is not aw ar (Pervin p. 172). Focus is on providing avenues to consciousness, as the means to a healthy functional individual. Antwones self-image is buried in disobligeful memories and undisciplined past stirred up events.Rogerian Theory seems to be based in self image. It allows a basis for brain, evaluating, and providing the appropriate intervention. Gordon AllportsTheory Rationale Functional Autonomy derives from the fantasy of healthy and well-organized facial gestures of human behavior. Traits are the basis of and most important aspect of temper, and they are seated in the nervous system.They represent generalized spirit dispositions that account for regularities in the functioning of a psyche across situations and oer time (Pervin p. 32). Antwones predictable pattern of behavior becomes singularitys controlled by his ever-changing unrestrained state. When a stock challenge s the nervous system, he makes irrational emotional unhealthy decisions. Allports possibleness application may reveal more options to collar the root cause of aggressiveness and angry outbursts. Character definition Antwone Fisher was born in an Ohio prison (his mother was an inmate his preceptor was shot dead before his birth) and grew up in an abusive cling to home in Cleveland.Beaten and very much kept fastened in the basement, Fisher ran a mode when he was seventeen and had to face life on the passageways. Antwone joined the Navy only to find he was fighting to extradite himself from insult and to help preserve his pride. Antwone progressively becomes a healthy young psyche man after a psychiatrist helps remove layers of anger and pain based memories. Character Analysis Structure- Antwone Fishers extension is jailed up in pressure associated with memories of a mother in prison, a father killed by his girl genius, abandonment, and physical, emotional, and sexual malt reatment.He was placed in a foster home with his half-brothers. The pastor castigate the light-skinned boy for having withal much pride. Mrs. Tate tied Antwones hands behind his back and beat him unconscious and threatened to burn him with an open fire. She would create division amidst them while using skin color and the degrading terms. Antwone was the middle child. In the Navy, Antwone was a loner. He constantly went inside to find answers to his past. His treatment as a child stemmed from slave-based disciplinary practiced by Mrs. Tate.His character begins to be formed according to the daily exposure to verbal and moral lashings from her. His self-worth in her eyes amounts to nothing. His submissive behavior is degrading and subservient. He is chastised every step of his childhood into his teen years until he finally puts an end to the beating. There is no reward for good behavior. He even pokes fun at Dr. Davenport (Played by Denzel Washington) while making a joke of his i ntervention suggestions. Denzel again reverts to memories from his past and the feelings associated with self-perception.Confusion after making an try on to straighten-up drives him away from seeking more attention from the psychiatrist. He just wants to be a good shipman, but continues to find a problem with anger. do by He has to find himself before he can find his ideal-self. He realizes through the help of Dr. Davenport that he can change. He tries to find a trust based human relationship to compare thoughts and feelings to his own. Establishing relationships may be severe when innate issues have not been resolved He wants to impress his cleaning woman friend but cannot find the words to begin a lovingness relationship.Denzel role plays away some of the perceive self-critical behavior to instill confidence. There is a growing consensus about the relationship between personality traits and emotional states, biological theorists of adult personality are exchanging ideas wit h theorists of childhood temperament, and long-term studies of personality organisement across the life span are delivering on the promises do many years ago William Revelle Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone finds incongruence between his perceived self image and his true self image.Dealing with emotional luggage and the inexperience of having the ability to build and maintain a lasting relationship can distort feelings and create confusion. Growth and Development Growth continues during the troth with Cheryl as she points out things about his appearance that she finds attractive. His character develops as he shares himself in a way never before experienced. His self-worth grows as he overcomes fear to be himself as he lowers defenses and builds a relationship. He as well looks to his psychiatrist the same night for validation and confirmation as he shares his first kiss experience.This appears to be the first time that lowering defenses and rely his f eelings creates a self-worth like never before. Personality theories strain to account for individual behavior. The scope of such theories is vast. (Revelle, p. 1). Antwone is trying to be clarified, but finds it difficult when provoke to anger. Dr. Davenport employs empathy as a way to meet Antwone where before moving cursorily ahead. Affective level understanding creates an environment of trust and deeper understanding. Any attempt to withhold view and establish rapport assists greatly in increment rate and early development.In sensing the private land of a thickening, the counselor or therapist attempts to convey an empathic understanding of the persons experiencing. Through a sensitive attunement, an individual is able to empathically virtuoso his or her own subjective internal state. In an immediate context, a persons reactions assume the form of hunches and a flow of interior feelings. In this mode, experiencing includes such reactions as love, hate, enjoyment, bored om, sensing, and perceiving.As a basic way of hit the sacking, experiencing subjective responses is fundamental to everyday life. Empathy Implications of Three Ways of Knowing in Counseling diary member by Arthur J. Clark Journal of Humanistic Counseling, information and Development, Vol. 43, 2004, p. 1). Carl Rogers (1964) described 3 ways of knowing with reference to empathic understanding subjective, interpersonal, and objective. Dr. Davenport questions Antwone about his family life after he was thrown out of Mrs. Tates house. He talks about going back to the orphanage to develop his social skills. Its what happens when empathy becomes a part of the process.Dr.Davenport uses a line of oppugn based in empathetic understanding. The centrality of understanding the private perceptual world of a person from an interpersonal perspective is a recurring depicted object in the writings of Rogers. Thus, the direction of an individuals empathy is toward another person in an effort to grasp his or her phenomenological functioning. (p. 1). Institutionalized incarceration lacks predisposition and empathy. The penal system and rehabilitation process formalize a polar skill set and can impede growth and development.From reform naturalise to a mens shelter to funding on the street creates a survival response and an identity vacuum and a exact for understanding and belonging. Keep in mind the basis of the Rogers go about is, to enact empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive necessitate (An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client-Centered Conversation with Gloria Journal name by Scott A. Wickman, Cynthia Campbell Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 81, 2003, p. 1). Antwone begins to show a trim back of behaviors with anticipated responses. His motives are driven by basic human necessitate for survival.His dysfunctional past needs to be replaced with more productive behavior. Antwones park bench experiences before joining the Navy have to be considered in the same way Gordon Allport suggests personality and trait development tied to the environment. Antwone is very conscious of his reaction and responses to people and events in the environment. Antwone, a nice person, may be misunderstood and misjudged because of the trait behaviors associated with anger and violence.Allport surveys of personality psychology included discussions of such concepts as defense mechanisms, self, and identification. Shoring up the SASB bridgework between Personality Theory and Clinical Psychology Journal article by Jerry S. Wiggins mental Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 3 pgs, p. 3). Antwone employs each concept on the route to becoming a balanced healthy, functioning young man. Allports theory suggests growth or development of personality is equally important. Regardless of whether one favors traits or motives, many of the questions driving personality psychology are developmental How do people develop the trait of sociability (or the need for ach ievement)?At what developmental period does this trait (need) emerge? When are the critical periods during which the trait (need) is expressed? Is sociability (need for achievement) stable from one developmental period to the next, and, if not, what factors are responsible for those changes? How does being senior high school in sociability (need for achievement) shape the individuals life path (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development No Doors Should Be Closed in the Study of Personality, Journal article by Oliver P. flush toilet, Richard W. Robins Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs, p. 140)? PsychopathologyThe development of psychological theory tends to oscillate between optimistic advances and self-critical analyses and retrenchment (William Revelle Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone employs defense mechanisms to preserve his thickening/patient relationship with Dr. Davenport. His regression begins when he recalls the memory of his old friend t ricks him into committing a crime. During the crime his best friend is killed. Self-maintenance becomes an issue as he recalls how many people in life have left him. He believes Dr. Davenport is determined to leave him after making him an extended member of the family.His high level of trust and sense of belonging gives way to loss and suffering. Hes willing to do almost anything to hold on to sure thing in his life. Optimism crashes and retrenchment occurs as the feelings of loss become incongruent with the memory of his friends blood splatter across his face. His friend Jesse fed him when he was hungry(p) and died during a botched robbery the next day. Believing the death improve Jesse from fighting anymore, increases the feeling of abandonment, letdown and pain associated with accepting the last session with Dr.Davenport. inwrought and External Factors Internally something is missing. Self-concept and self-actualization cannot occur unless he is reunited with his past. As most counselors know very well, person-centered theory and therapy began with and evolved from the thinking, look, and practice of Carl Ransom Rogers (The Development and Evolution of Person-Centered communicative Art Therapy A Conversation with Natalie Rogers Journal article by John Sommers-Flanagan Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 85, 2007, p. 1).Carl Rogers was raised by parents under one roof. The integrating of person-centered principles and art is a natural combination of her parents most distinct qualities (p. 1). Antwone Fishers parents were non-existent. Internal and external pay was missing therefore disrupting self-centred support. Much like Dr, Davenport, Rogers interactions with clients were like small miracles of compassionate understanding and communication. Carl Rogers believed that the relationship between therapist and client facilitates emotional and psychological healing.As counselors we often see ourselves in the same situations as our clients. For so me reason, the need to remain ethical and subjective creates a gap in reality as our own defense mechanisms preserve internal wellness. The redress atmosphere produces positive changes when unconditional positive regard supersedes poor judgment and inflexibility. When our practiced behavior becomes predictable, we become trait driven and predictable which often leads to in effective counseling alternatives.Pervins analysis and critique of personality-trait research rests on the assumption that the five-factor model (FFM), and trait models more generally, should fulfill all the goals of a complete theory of personality (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development No Doors Should Be Closed in the Study of personality Journal article by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs. , p137) In a summary asseveration about the nature of this relationship, the whole person remains fragmented until explanations associated with internal messages match extern ally.Antwone had to trace his family history for answers to self image, self-esteem, and the ideal self. Throughout the movie, he is polite, articulate, and very well-balanced in a trusting and loving environment. When the memories were released and support from his girlfriend prevailed, gradually the real Antwone Fisher began to take shape and grow. How can one become person centered and grow when completeness is rooted in deteriorating external information? Conclusion Communicating genuiness and unconditional positive dignity is the key to breaking down the walls and destroying the defenses of a troubled and angry client.When a negative self image impeded growth and development, the counselor moldiness(prenominal) build trust, establish rapport and utilize empathy effectively. Providing a safe environment and a loving and caring ethical and professional relationship with your client are the keys to successful intervention. Carefully choosing the process and defining reasonable g oals assist in the healing process on the way to independence. Looking into a mirror and defining the meaning of self and the perceived ideal self may be incongruent occasionally.Self-talk can be detrimental and prejudicious when discouragement follows as a result of unanswered questions about the self and the past. When life becomes puzzling and negative behaviors overshadow self-perception, the counselor must provide a way to trace behaviors to the root cause. Rogers and Allport provide reasonable theories on personality development to help achieve successful and healthy lives. We must also consider the internal and external factors associated with changes in behavior as they impact behavioral changes.Antwone Fisher returned to the environment of his past abusive childhood and confronted the abusers before moving ahead. Three sessions may not be fitted for long-term care and permanent change. Being flexible with healthy boundaries end-to-end the intervention process, may reveal our own shortcomings as we attempt to assuage the course. Antwone Fisher and Commander Davenport established an amazing, growing, and client-centered relationship. The outcome proves that independent and healthy living can be facilitated on both sides when unconditional positive regard prevails.

Introduction to Statistics

stochastic Sample each member of the population has the same chance of creation selected Representative Sample characteristics should represent those of the target population without bias experimental Study no intervention by the investigator, no treatment enforce Experimental Study Investigator has some control over the determiner Variables Categorical each observation falls into a feline flesh of groups Nominal named variables with no implied order e. G. Personality type Ordinal classify variables with implied order e. G. Veil of education Continuous measured variables Discrete government issue discrete values e. G. Number of children Numerical can assume either value within a certain range/elemental e. G. raising Types of Designs True experiment researcher has potential to randomly allocate observations to controls Quasi-experiment show a sex actship amidst an IV/DVD researcher makes manipulation of naturally occurring groups, cant make cause and effect statements Non-experiments (correlation design) question If there Is a relationship in the midst of variables, cant make cause & effect statementsBetween groups two groups existence compared on some outcome measure Within-subjects participants experience each condition of an IV, with measurements of some outcome taken on each occasion incorporeal variables variable present In an experiment, which might Interfere with the relationship between IV & DVD Confounding variables mediating variable that can adversely concern the relation between IV/DVD Internal validity expiration to which a casual relationship can be assumed between IV & DVD.External validity degree to which you can generalize the results of your study to mum underlying population T-test One sample t-test A data should spread out from a normal population Paired t-test -A must be independent, bone up from a normal distribution & populations of same spreads Independent sample A normally distributed, homogeneity of variances, independence of the observations Correlation/Regression A the relation in the population is linear, the residuals in y have a unbroken standard deviation and the residuals arise from a normal distribution detests of high-priced fit and test of independence A expected count has to be larger than five

Henry Mintzberg Essay

Business dodging1.0 IntroductionIn the recent age the suck ups of strategicalal attention has changed signifi rout outtly. It has been critically studied and classified as a field of managerial practice that should gestate been given more thought. (Knights and Morgan, 1991) at that place atomic number 18 deuce essential parts to system, actions that are aforethought(ip) forwards and developed carefully according to many factors once implemented. A square-toed dodge created and implement to a company would give a warring advantage oer otherwise companies. This report will address the site of the article in a wider debate as different scholars have different opinions in strategy. It will discuss about the theoretical underpinnings, strengths and impuissance in enthalpy Mintzbergs article Crafting Strategy.2.0 Position and Theoretical Underpinnings jibe to Levy, Alvesson and Willmott most of the current thought is anchored by the work of Michael Porter and Henry Mintzber g. (Levy, Alvesson and Willmott, 2003) Henry Mintzbergs Crafting Strategy is based on research that was conducted over numerous years that focalisationed on several organisations that have interpreted various decisions over a period of time. The decisions made by organisations were interpreted into account and put together as different slips of strategy. His thesis was the crafting orbit better captures the process by which effective strategies to come to be. However the grooming image, long popular in the literature, distorts these processes and thereby misguides organisations that embrace it unreservedly. (Mintzberg, 1987)The article appears to management on an emergent approach to strategy. Mintzberg states, a key to managing strategy is the susceptibility to detect emerging patterns and supporter them take shape. This is suggested through the fact that the graphic symbol of a manager is not just to preconceive specific strategies thoalso to recognize their emergence els ewhere in the scheme and interpose when appropriate (Mintzberg, 1987). One of the earlier influential writers of strategy Philip Selznick who supported this possible action wrote about the character of an organization being separate and integrates commitments to ways of performing and responding. (Selznick 1957) Ghosal, Barlett et al also suggest this point by mentioning its the focus in traditional strategy on value appropriation instead then value creation. (Ghosal, Barlett et al, 1999)Mintzbergs theory captures a mix of Richard Whittingtons continent and processual school of strategy. This is modelled in the article as the potter is characterized as a craftsman strategist. In Whittingtons model developing and delimitate falls under Michael Porters classical flip over approach to strategy and opinion lies within Henry Mintzbergs approach to emergent strategy. In the view of strategy Porter (1980 1985), Andrews (1971) and Chandler (1962), the prescriptive approach to strate gy is shown for its dependence on analysis and prep. This is also view is also supported by Graetz who suggests that strategic thinking is already considered necessary process closely nexused to strategic planning. (Graetz, 2002) Wilson goes elevate by mentioning, strategic thinking should replace strategic planning. (Wilson. L., 1994) Heracleous proposes that strategic planning and strategic thinking is two distinct but related processes, strategic planning is analysis and strategic thinking involves synthesis. (Heracleous, 1998) Many scholars including Mintzberg who emphasizes heavy on the processes of learning, compromising and adjustment is that strategy is a process. He suggests that the planning and then implementing strategy is unsustainable for long term. (Mintzberg, 1990) In 1994 Mintzberg provided some evidence of the also-ran of planning.3.0 StrengthsMintzbergs does identify there is no such thing as purely deliberate strategy or purely emergent one. This is further evince when he states all strategy making walks on two feet, one deliberate and the other emergent. This suggest that deliberate and emergent is intertwined which is emphasized when Mintzberg mentions, deliberate and emergent strategy form the end points of a continuum along which the strategies that are crafted inthe real world whitethornbe found. (Mintzberg, 1987) Mintzberg treated strategy differently from traditional literatures that entirely focused on one type of strategy.While other scholars associated themselves in four schools of strategy Henry Mintzberg delineate ten schools of strategy. (Mintzberg, 1998) Crafting Strategy is positioned in the learning and design school. In this he suggested strategy as a ploy, which gives company a warlike advantage, as the strategy is misleading therefore, unpredictable thus competitors are ineffectual to know what the company is planning. This is supported by Rumelt who mentions one persons strategies are anothers tactics that wha t is strategic depends on where you sit. (Rumelt, 1979)Crafting strategy shows flexibility and therefore makes it more prepared to implement. Henry Mintzberg states strategies can be form as well as formulated. (Mintzberg 1987) It suggests that there is no example approach to strategy thus every company or single(a) can use it as it is tailored to the company needs. According to Kipping as it is flexible it allows freedom to craft their best strategy (Kipping, 2010)3.1 WeaknessIn this article Henry Mintzberg based his research on mass performance companies such as Honda, Volkswagenwerk and General Motors. His conclusions about strategy derived from assessing these major companies may not be applicable to other companies as some managers are not competent to the strategy. This is mentioned by Noe who states emergent strategiesrely on the organizations ability to learn from the actual experiences of employees at all take aims (Noe et al., 2003)Whittington states mechanisms enco unter that the strategy process remains objective rather than being captured by a particular management faction. This suggests that managers are able to draw from large and less detectable sources of power. (Whittington, 1993). Mintzberg argues that the reality of strategy is not a planned organizational phenomenon but better characterized as an emergent. (Mintzberg et al., 1998) However Mintzberg fails to address these surplus conditions suggested by Whittington thatare thought to be potentially vital points in strategic management.Stoney mentions that In the strategic management model, responsibility for corporate level decision-making rests with a core or strategic elite who are dismissed from the day-to-day responsibilities of operational activities, these being devolved to the lowest possible level of control. (Stoney 1998) support by Anthony and Dearden mentioning that strategic planning is a function in the decision maker level that is designed to ensure that the directio n is followed as set. (Anthony & Dearden 1976) This will help companies maintain a competitive advantage however as it is only based on executive level views lower ranked ply in the companies is ignored. This is suggested by Alvesson and Willmott who states, broader power relations privilege the interests and viewpoints of some groups eon silencing and marginalizing others. (Alvesson and Willmott, 1996) Henry Mintzberg himself mentions this view by stating senior management sets of broad guidelines and the leaves specifics to other lower down in the organization. (Mintzberg ,1974)As a few of Mintzbergs theory is based on the processual school of strategy in Whittingtons model Levy, Alvesson and Willmott mentions it provides a sceptical perspective on established classical and rational perspectives. (Levy, Alvesson and Willmott, 2003) However it fails to explore in a wider perspective of control or analyze the managerial assumptions. Alvesson and Willmott further states that in t he processual school of strategy, Mintzbergs view of power fails to look within an intra-organizational perspective that eschews consideration of broader kindly and political structures. (Alvesson and Willmott, 1966) This suggests that Mintzberg does not take into consideration many other factors that may be important to his view of strategy.4.0 ConclusionMintzberg does appear to focus most of his ideas towards emergent strategy however he does address that there can be no such thing as just deliberate or emergent strategy. (Mintzberg 1987) They both need to intertwine in crop for the strategy to work. Crafting strategy is based on long-term learning, errors become opportunities and limitations perplex creativity(Mintzberg 1987) This is what causes the moulds streams of decision into patterns as suggested by Hedbery and Jonsson. (Hedbery and Jonsson, 1977)5.0 ReferencesAlvesson, M. and Willmott, H. (1996) Making Sense of counsel A hypercritical Introduction. London Sage.Andrews , K.R. (1971) The invention of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, IL Irwin.Anthony, R & Dearden, J. (1976), trouble control systems. Illinois Homewood Richard D Irwin. B. Hedbery and S. A. Jonsson, Strategy Formulation as a Discontinuous Process, International Studies of Management and Organisation, 7/2 (1977) 90 Chandler, A.D. (1962) Strategy and Structure Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, MA MIT Press.David Ley, Mats Alvesson, Hugh Willmott. (2003). Critical Approaches to Strategic Management. In Mats Alvesson, Hugh Willmott Studying management critically. Cornwall Sage Publications. 92-110.Graetz, F. (2002). Strategic thinking versus strategic planning towards understanding the complementaries. Management Decision, 40 (5), pg 456-462.Ghoshal, S., C. A. Barlett, et al. (1999). A rude(a) Manifesto for Management. Sloan Management Review 40 (3) 9-20.Heracleous, L. (1998). Strategic thinking or strategic planning? Long Range Planning, 31 (3), pg 481-487. Kipping. M. & Caillutet, L. (2010) Mintzbergs Emergent and Deliberate Strategies Tracking Alcans Activities in Europe, 1928-2007, Business History Review, 8 (4), pp.79-104. Knights, D. and Morgan, G. (1991) Corporate strategy, organisations, and subjectivity A critique. Organisation Studies. 12(2) 251-73.Mintzberg, H. 1987. Crafting Strategy. Harvard Business Review 65 (July August) 66-75.Mintzberg, H. (1990) The design school Reconsidering the basic premise of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal. 11 171-95.Mintzberg, H. (1994) The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning. New York Free Press.Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2003) gentlemans gentleman Resource Management Gaining a belligerent good, 4th ed, New York McGraw-Hill.Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York Free Press.P. Selznick, Leadership in Administration A Sociological Interpretation (New York, NY Harper & Row, 1957) p.47. A subsequent paper by the author (in process) on the design school of strategy formation shows the link of Selznicks early work to the writings of Kenneth Andrews in the Harvard policy textbook. K.R. Andrews, The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Revised Edition (Homewood, IL Down Jones-Irwin, 1987).Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York Free Press.R. P. Rumelt, Evaluation of Strategy possible action and Models, in D.E. Schendel and C. W. Hofer, eds., Strategic Management A New View of Business policy and Planning (Boston, MA Little Brown, 1979), pp.196-212.Stoney, C. (1998) Lifting the lid on strategic management A sociological narrative. Electronic Journal of Radical Organization Theory 4(1).Whittington, R. (1993) What is Strategy and Does it Matter? London Routledge.Wilson. L. (1994). Strategic planning isnt perfectly It changed. Long RangePlanning, 27 (4), pg 12-24.

Who Should Be Responsible for Obesity

Who should be responsible for fleshiness? When it comes to the topic of Americas social problems, most of us will readily agree that the obesity epidemic is one of the major problems in Americas partnership now. Where this agreement usu tot allyy ends, however, is on the question of who is responsible for this problem. Whereas some argon convinced fag outt Blame the Eater, that the degenerate- diet industry is responsible, opposite maintains that is a personal responsibility and what you b run down is your business.My feeling on the wall socket are mixed. I do support Radley Balkos position that it is a personal responsibility What you eat is you business. However I generate that Radley Balko has over looked some issue on the corporations locating and I to a fault agree with David Zinczenkos argument that it is corporate responsibility. I agree that in the articleWhat you eat is your business Radley Balkostates that Were meet less responsible for our accept health, and m ore responsible for everyone elses.Your heart beset drives up the cost of my premiums and office run intos. And if the government is paying for my anti-cholesterol medication, what incentive is in that respect for me to put d avow the cheeseburger? More and more insurance companies are make ton of funds every mean solar day, Americans rather spend all their money to pay for premiums health policies solely not throng care of their own health. But why b new(prenominal) to spend all the money on those policies, we can just put down the cheeseburger and save.Peopleargue that they dont turn in magazine to eat healthy but this is only anexcuse, if we all use quintupletminutes to pack our own lunch that can change a lot in the society, I know we all busy with all kind of different things in our daily life but we contract an hour to watch TV but do not have fiveminutes to pack lunch? Even a prepare with a juice box is healthier than those fast- viandss in the street. Isnt it a h ealth body is most important to our life?In What you eat is your business Radley Balko also claim that Instead of manipulating or intervening in the array of nourishment available to American consumers, our government ought to be work to foster a sense of responsibility in and ownership of our own health and well-being. But were doing just the opposite. 61% of American is sonorous in America, government, president, politicians and school board try so m both things to dismiss the fast foods and sodas from school campuses and vending machines, but I think those are wrong way to fight obesity.Government and school board should foster masses to eat health, teach them how to manage their diet and tell them the outcomes of not take care their own health, not intervening in the array of food available to American consumers. But I also agree David Zinczenko, Dont Blame the Eater insist that Drive down any passage in America, and I guarantee youll see one of our grounds more than 13 ,000 McDonalds restaurants. Now, drive back up the immobilize and try to find someplace to buy a grapefruit. Fast-food restaurants are all over the place, how can we avoid it?When we dont want to progress to or on Sunday some families want to eat outside, in that location is no other choice for them, drive down any thoroughfare fast food restaurant everywhere. It hard to find places where healthier foods are sold there are inexpensive and convenient compare to fast-food restaurants. in that location are also a number of convenient stores everywhere, and convenient stores do not just offer chips and sodas, most of them offer fresh fruits, pee and other healthy alternatives to fast-food. People can also choose to eat at home, or carry around a healthy morsel that they got at home.Eric Schlosser in Your Trusted Friend emphasize that Fast food chains annually spend near $3 billion on television advertising, their marketing efforts directed at children extend far beyond such co nventional ads. The McDonalds corporation now operates more than eighter thousand playgrounds at its restaurants in the United State. A manufacturer of Playlands explains why fast-food operators to build these largely plastic structures Playlands clear children, who bring in parents, who bring in money. Fast food restaurants become gathering spaces for families with young children.Every about 90 percent of American children between the ages of three and nine visit a McDonalds. Children are the biggest consumer for fast-food restaurants, thats way fast-food restaurant spend about $3 billion on television advertising and some other promotion, like buy happy meal with free toys. A prosperous promotions easily double or triple the weekly sales ledger of childrens meals. But other side a successful promotions also easily double or triple the chance of being obesity. In my opinion I think fast- food over advertise.Even fast food industry influence of the food market is the biggest re ason causing us to have obesity, as a consumer we put everything into our mouth, you can blame the fast food industry and the food available to us all day but you actually is responsible for what you eat. You can find all kinds of excuse, but you still have the responsibility to take care of yourself we need to be aware of the problem first, willing to take a step in choosing the right foods, and make an effort to do exercise without this demand at the first place, no one ethical company has the viability to survive in such a cruel demand driven market.

Aegis Case Analysis Essay

The main question posed in this case is whether trade protection management should continue the relationships with their partners ProPack and POMS, and if they decided to continue with the relationships, how to social organization them more in effect. Operating in a slumping economy, Aegis was worried most their level of gross sales resulting from the partnerships they had entered into. The main goal for Aegis when entering into both partnerships was to bolster sales, and neither company had accomplished that.With the possibility of terminating either relationship, Aegis would have to find another strategy for improved sales. With the absence of this strategy, it bequeath be more cropive for the company to restructure their existing relationships. looking at this case through the concept of strategic alliances will divine service to find a strategy that will pull Aegis show up(a) of its downhill slide. For both relationships, Aegis has entered into licensing and distributio n agreements.POMS and ProPack have combined their elevate with Aegis for separate wares, as well as working unneurotic to distribute each others products. Unfortunately, in this situation economies of racing shell will not work to lower costs because of the nature of the product and the industry Aegis is competing in. Aegis and its partners have developed a product that is the technological standard for its category, but can continue to add apprize to the product, making it desirable and useful in the future.In my opinion, the best focus to increase the benefits of these relationships is to foster an environment of trust and communication to operate in. This whitethorn mean revisiting the contracts that are in place to redefine what each entity wants out of the agreement, and the best way to go about creating sales. If they can do this effectively I believe the companies will work better together, creating more encourage for potential customers. This will result in an increas e in sales for their products.

The Duties of an Agent to Principal

THE DUTIES OF THE AGENTS TO PRINCIPAL The duties of an constituent depend chiefly on the compact of authority if at that place is one. Subject to any(prenominal) such(prenominal) express terms, the means owes a number of implied duties or indebtednesss to his primary(prenominal). It is the agency kind as such that gives rise to these obligations so that, as a widely distri aloneed rule, they fall as much on the gratuitous broker as on the paid constituent. 1. Obey the Principals instructions variance 164 states, The ingredient must obey the instructions given to him by his nous steady if he thinks the instructions are wrong.Sometimes of course the hotshot whitethorn expect the operator to advise him and indeed he whitethorn be employing an moverive role to use skill and care. The agent must non deputy his occupation to an other(a) someone unless such delegation has been concur with the important, or is the custom of the trade, or the delegation merely takes pace in congener to purely administrative matters. quality congressman In Turpin v. Bilton (1843), an insurance ingredient agreed for consideration to obtain a beat of insurance on the plaintiffs ship. But he failed to do so. The ship was lost(p) and the broker was held liable to the plaintiff.In Fraser v. B. N. Furman (Production) Ltd (1967), insurance brokers agreed for consideration to effect an employers liability policy and failed to do so. The employer was held liable for $3000 damages in an performance brought against him by an employee for pique of the Factories Act, and the Court of Appeal held that the brokers must indemnify the employer in that sum for bust of contract. Betram Armstrong & Co. V. Godefray (1830) 1 Knapp 381 Facts The agent was a stockbroker. The wind told the agent to rat stock when the merchandise kayoedlay reached a certain body-build per unit of stock.The agent did not heed these instructions and held on to the stock. When the market dr opped the agent was forced to allot at a loss. Decision The principal successfully sued the agent to recoup the difference between the price at which he was instructed to sell the stock and the price at which the stock was finally sold. 2. A tariff to exercise reasonable skill and diligence partitioning 165 states, The grad of skill and diligence unavoidable of an agent depends on whether the individual is a gratuitous agent or a non-gratuitous agent. A gratuitous agent is not paid for their services whereas a non-gratuitous agent is paid.A non-gratuitous agent is required to exercise a degree of skill suitable to that which a reasonable person would expect an agent of that type to exercise. For example, a real landed acres agent is expected to display the qualities and expertise of a competent real estate agent. If the agent fails to meet this standard, the agent willing be liable to the principle for any loss caused by this breach of craft. A gratuitous agent is not e xpected to exercise any special degree of skill. The agent must exercise the same degree of care and diligence as they would use in attending to their stimulate affairs.If that person has some special doledge, they are expected to use that knowledge. Case use In Keppel v. Wheeler (1927), agents were employed to sell a shut up of flats and received an offer from one party which was accepted subject to contract. The agents later received a higher offer but, instead of obese the owners, arranged a resale from the earlier party to the later after(prenominal) the first sale to the earlier party was effected. It was ruled that the agents had acted in breach of their barter to obtain the best price available, and that province included passing on details of better offers until a binding contract was concluded. . To render straitlaced accounts when required share 166 states, An agents owes a commerce to the principal to salve right-hand(a) accounts and make them available for inspection. For example, travel agents and real estate agents are required by statute to keep accurate and proper accounts. This duty imposes an obligation on agents to keep their property and capital separate from that of their principal. Case Example In Harry Parker Ltd v Mason 1940 2 KB 590, where the principal conspired ith agent to make shame bets on the course and bets with street bookmakers stubborn to the existing law but agent had failed to apply, as agreed the money that the principal handed to him. The Court of Appeal held that the principal could not regain it from agent on the general principal that money paid low an illegal contract is irrecoverable. 4. To brook his principal alls sums received on his behalf Section 171 states, However, an agent whitethorn retain or deduct from such sums received, advances make / expenses incurred by him in carrying out his duty, his focusing and other remuneration collectable to him for acting as agent. . To communicate with the principal Section 167 states, In human faces of difficulty, an agent must use all reasonable diligence in communication with and in seeking to obtain instructions from the principal. However, in emergencies, the agent may use his own discretion in adopting a course of body process to safeguard the chase of the principal. 6. not to let his interest conflict with his duty Section 168 states, An agent must not allow the possibility of ain interest to conflict with the interests of his or her principal without disclosing that possibility to the principal.Upon full disclosure, it is up to the principal to decide whether or not to proceed with the particular transaction. If there is a breach of his duty, the principal may set aside the contract so affected and claim any profit which might claim been made by the agent. Case Example In McPherson v due west (1877), a solicitor used his brother as a campaigner to purchase property which he was engaged to sell. It was held that, si nce the solicitor had allowed the conflict of interest to arise, the sale could be set aside. It was immaterial that a fair price was offered for the property.The corollary to the above lesson is that the agent must not sell his or her own property to the principal without fully disclosing the fact. This lead into the next duty. 7. Not to make any deep profit out of the performance of his duty In discharging the agents, an agent cant take any secret profit as corruption in the form of commission payments on a confidential basis, coffee money or kickback, tips and so on. If the agent take the secret profit, the profit must be submitted to the principal. In other words, the agent cant use the property of the principal to do something against the contract that agent for selfish motives.That means agents can create a profit, only the principal agents are prohibited from apply the property for in the flesh(predicate) gain. Section 168 states, If the principal knows and agrees on a se cret, the agent can indite profit because the profit is not a secret anymore. It should be celebrated that the secret profit is the profit earned outside the knowledge of the principal. If the principal give consent, the agent can take the profit. In situations where the principal does not agree with a secret profit, the principal has the option as follows I. The agency contract may be terminated, if the contract is not to profit member.For example, A has ordered B to sell the estate belonging to A. B has reviewed the estate before sale, find some of the mines in the estate is not cognise to A. B tells A that he wanted to buy the estate for himself, but conceals the discovery of the mine. A, when knowing this, can either refuse to sell the estate or otherwise manage the sales out of choice. II. Principal may recover the secret profit from an agent For example, as happened in the case of Tan Kiong Hwa vs S. H Chong. Plaintiff has purchased a flat from a corporation in which the s uspect was the managing director.Plaintiff has ordered the defendant as agent to sell the flat at RM45000 but the defendant has successfully sold at RM54000. The difference in price of RM9000 has been credited to the company account. Soon the company is wound up. The court of justice ruled the plaintiff entitle to recover from defendants for RM9000 has defaulted in carrying out his duties as an agent. III. Principal may refuse to pay a commission or other remuneration to the agent. Section 173 An agent was implant guilty of misconduct in successful agency not entitled to receive any advice relating to the business he was one proceeds. In the case of Andrews vs Ramsay & Co. the principal was member instructions to agents to sell the property and agreed to pay a commission of ? 50. The agents have to find the buyers and was given a ? blow deposit. Agents then have to pay around ? 50 to the principal and keep the rest of the ? 50 commission. In the transaction, the agents have to g et ? 20 from buyers. The court ruled the principal right to demand a secret agent commissions earned from buyers. IV. Principal reserves the right to expel the agent for breach of duty. Principal reserves the right to expel the agent if the agent was utilize the property for profit secrets principal from agency business.Principal has such rights as the agent had failed to discharge its duties entrusted. If the principal has suffered loss as a result of the actions of the agent, he is entitled to claim damages. Principal reserves the right to expel the agent because duties. V. Principal may sue the agent and the third party to recover damages corruption if it is a loss of the contract. What happens in the case Mahesan vs The Malaysian Government Officers Cooperative Housing Society, the plaintiff was its director defendants. Defendant had purchased a piece of land worth $ 944,000 from a landlord who has obtained the land at $ 456,000 only.Plaintiff to know the fact but did not infor m the defendant. As a result, the plaintiff has obtained $ 122,000 in bribes from land owners for the sale and purchase agreement. The court ruled that the defendant is entitled to claim the amount of loss suffered by the crime. 8. A duty not to divulge confidential information To maintain confidentially astir(predicate) any matters communicated to him as agent, and not to disclose them to prospective third parties or anyone else. The relationship between principal and agent is a fiduciary relationship, depending upon interchangeable trust. Case Example In Robb v Green 1895 2 QB 315, an cease and desist order was obtained against a former manager of a business to prevent him using for his own purpose a list of customers of the business which he had copied out while he was the manager. Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler 1986 1 AER 617, the duty of reasoned faith is broken if an employee makes or copies a list of his employers customers for use after his employment ends or deliberately memorises such a list even though, except in special circumstances, there is no general bar on an ex-employee canvassing or doing business with customers of his former employer. . A duty to act personally An agent is not permitted to delegate to another person the tasks the agent has been appointed to perform. A principal has chosen an agent because of that persons expertise. The rule with respect to delegation can be relaxed by express agreement between the parties. If an agent delegates authority without permission, then the agent will not be entitled to be paid commission for any delegated acts. However, the rule has no application in relation to kid clerical or administrative tasks.These tasks can be delegated. Case Example De Bussche v Alt (1878) 8 Ch D 286 ,agent was appointed by the principal to sell a ship in China at an agreed price but the agent was unable to effect such a sale and obtained the principals permission for the appointment by agent of a sub-agent to sell th e ship in Japan. The Court held there was no breach of duty by agent in appointing a sub-agent as delegation was expressly agreed.

Cultural context of the play Essay

How does Miller use the character of Alfieri to involve the earreach and illustrate the cultural context of the play? Alfieri is used in a multitude of ways by Miller to help the play at various stages. He is a character in the play, which other characters act with, however, he is displaced somewhat because he comments on the goings on of the play, expands on what has handed to take shape it clearer to the audience, links scenes to masturbateher and to a certain extent takes the role of a narrator. The character of Alfieri as a jurisprudenceyer is wisely chosen.Lawyers at that prison term were seen as a sign of bad luck as with priests, because they were symbols of the law and law has non been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten. This shows that Alfieri does not always bring close news and often brings intimately the things that tribe do not want to hear, wish well when Eddie goes to him and asks what he can do to get rid of Marco and Alfieri tells him that there is nothing he can do. The absolute majority of characters in this play are immigrants who consider tried to make a living by living in America so at one point or another they would have precious to debar the law.Alfieri being a lawyer likewise shows us how he is in a higher place the other immigrants as they are still uneducated, living lives of hard wear using colloquiums such as yiz which indicates a lack of control or status. However, Alfieri is educated and now has status. The language he uses is so much more than formal than that of Beatrice or Eddie. Although Alfieri have status he may not have real respect, just the grudging respect for his status. Others do not see him as one of them , see how uneasily they nod to me.Realistically, Alfieri is the except one of them who has achieved the American Dream, worked his way form poverty to having a beneficial vivification. Arthur Miller himself was the son of an immigrant and he supported himself through college by workin gs on the docks, so he knew where to come from when writing about the hardships and undependableness of living a life like Eddies. In the area and era that the play is set, the rules of association, the code of honour, is more important than the state laws. Disobeying these unwritten laws and betraying the union could result in ostracization.As with Romeo and Juliet this play features raft breaking the family laws, pastce being suitably punished for it. The issues in this play are ones that have been studied before and will be used again due(p) to the fact that they are still relevant. You will always have plenty that want to do something that is not against the law solely going against traditions in their communities and will often cause them a worse fate because if they were breaking a state law. People can relate to disobeying these community rules. Alfieris prologue introduces the play.He sets the scene and tells us a flake about the history and culture of where the pl ay is set, where men where justly shot by unjust men. He also submits in his epilogue that people now settle for half(a) we are quite civilized, quite American. With statements like that you can tell that uncivilized things are going to happen. The turnaround of how people are now will come out, the real them. Alfieri also tells us that what we are about to see is not just an ha spellual one of his cases, and not simply the petty troubles of the poor. Not yet in Alfieris prologue does he give us hints to what will happen in the play.Ina act one when Eddie goes to Alfieri and asks what he can do to get Rodolpho out, Alfieri says that Eddie must let go of Catherine and let her live her own life because subsequently all -what other way can it end? he is almost predicting that if Eddies protective behaviour continues then it shall end in a bad way. The epilogue, also delivered by Alfieri helps us to understand things better as well. After all the commotion and high emotions of Ed dies death, Alfieri is there, calm and collected as ever and gives us enough of an explanation to get us thinking, but also one that lets us make our own minds up.It offers a nose out of rounding off. Alfieri reminds us f why we first liked Eddie, and negotiation of what a good character he was and how we will all like him far more than Alfieris sensible clients. Eddie died because he did what he wanted to and Alfieri can see the strength in this action, however, believes it is better to settle for half in order to survive and for there to be peace. Once again, as in the prologue Alfieri is at ease with us the audience. He is relaxed and allowing himself to be honest, to say what he really thinks.Alfieri comments are almost like what you would do to yourself in your head when analyzing or thinking something over. He is going through his thoughts in an almost soliloquy type way. When I went to see the play A View form a Bridge in the Questors theatre in Ealing the role of Alfieri wa s show to just as much the boob that he was in the svincter . if your happy and you know it clap your hands (clap clap) alice the camel had 95 humps. berate alice ride du du dum cheesh. Im but a little grab bit bit bit show but a little bit bit bit shame but a little bit bit bit , bit bit bit.Peters pepper picked another pickle pusher pussy pepper raaah Vivadixiesubmarine transmitionplot I think that Alfieri is a very good character to have in the play as he manages to accept in all the gaps where extra explanation is needed, such as after scenes. He also acts as an unofficial scene changer, and marks when cartridge clip has passed or the setting is different. As well as all of this he also points people in the direction of doing things. If it was not for him telling Eddie that the except way he could get rid of Rodolpho was to phone immigration then he would not of thought of it.

Research Project Essay

IntroductionThe purpose of this plain is to go everyplace the goal to which the strategies utilise by Nandos in the recent fadeout energize been effective. For the topic to be extensively look intoed, the investigate proposal has been split in to the pursuit objectives.* Identifying the client bottom of Nandos.* Investigating if and how the recession stirred Nandos. * Analysing strategies utilise by Nandos in the recession.An investigation of Nandos writ of execution since and during the recession aloneow for inquire to be under restitutionn. This would train to be comp ard to its per habitusance prior to the recession in clubhouse to investigate the effect of the recession on Nandos. Firstly, the proposal get out first lean issue an in depth books review to investigate pertinent theories and instruction related to the search objectives outlined in a higher place. Building on the findings of the literature review, the investigate design and strategies provide be normaled to investigate each of the above objectives. During the course of this turn over, ethical and practical issues in congress to the enquiry altogether ordain as well be considered. Nandos founded in 1987 is a passing(a) dining eating place with a Portuguese theme. It originated from South Africa and is now operational in 30 countries on 5 continents. It specializes in chicken dishes with divergent souses such as lemon and herb, medium, risque or extra hot Peri-Peri.In just about countries, they to a fault offer some other flavor options same mango and lime, lemon and herb, or Mediterranean (Nandos cc9, p.4) The eating house began in 1987 when Robert Brozin and Fernando Duarte bought a restaurant call(a)ed Chickenland in Rosettenville, Southern Johannesburg. They re cleard the restaurant Nandos afterwards(prenominal) Duarte. The restaurant rollive influences from former Portuguese colonists from Mozambique, many of whom had settled on the south-eas tern side of Johannesburg, after their homelands independence in 1975. (Nandos cc9, p.4) Nandos is famous for its flame-grilled Peri-Peri chicken which is served each in quarters, halves and satisfyings.It likewise serves burgers, pitas, salads, wings and wraps. In some countries, Nandos sells chicken livers, Espetada and the Cataplana. (Nandos 2009, p.2) Nandos as well as manufactures a range of sauces which are sold in Nandos restaurants and in supermarkets.These let in Peri-Peri sauces, marinades, cooking sauces and a Peri-Peri Essence. (Nandos 2009, p.2) In 1992 Nandos entered the United Kingdoms restaurant industry with its first restaurant in Ealing, London and now is run with its several branches around UK. In 2009 Nandos UK was awarded Three Stars in the Best Companies one-year Accreditation Awards becoming the only entrant in the large companies category to attain the trine star rating. (Harmer, 2010)Literature ReviewCustomer Base consort to Edwards (2010) client b ase of an organisation includes all the customers that organisation servers. One of the to the highest degree of the essence(predicate) ways to establish a successful business is to prove a solid base of customers who stick with the business through with(predicate) abstruse and thin. A solid customer base becomes the foundation on which a business grows. Business CycleBusiness Cycle is defined as a cycle of series of diametric degrees of contraction and expansion of received gross domestic product. A complete business cycle consists of louvre different manakins and every country has to go through each word form in order to strain its tallness. A complete business cycle from peak to peak is shown in the graph below. (Arnold 2008, p.151). (Arnold 2008, p.151) kinds of The Business CycleThere are five different phases of a business cycle which include the peak, contraction, though, recovery and expansion. (Arnold 2008, p.151) A complete business cycle is measured from peak to peak. Peak at the peak of the business cycle reliable GDP is temporary high. (Arnold 2008, p.151) compaction this phase represents the decline in the real GDP. This phase is known as the recession phase. (Arnold 2008, p.151) Trough this phase represents the low point in the real GDP just before the starts to increase back again. (Arnold 2008, p.151) Recovery this phase represents the phase when the GDP is rising back towards the initial peak.Recovery phase begins from bowl and extends up till the initial peak. (Arnold 2008, p.151) Expansion the expansion phase refers to the increase in real GDP beyond the recoverypoint. In this stage the GDP increases the initial peak. (Arnold 2008, p.151) No country fundament cover in the peak phase for long time even the develop countries. The best any country can do is that they can go straight from contraction phase to expansion phase and skip the trough and recovery phases.Recession gibe to Wiegand (2009) recession occurs when a countrys gross domestic product (GDP) the value of all the reported goods and run relieve oneselfd by a country goes down for two or much than consecutive quarters which means for six months or more. (p.18) The above mentioned explanation was considered very simple and standard so on November 26, 2001, the National function of Economic query gave a different than standard definition of recession. harmonize to the NBER, recession is a significant decline in activity open across the providence, lasting more than a few months, visible in industrial production, employment, real income and wholesale retail trade. (Wiegand, 2009) Ordinary recession symptoms are quite depressing. People buy less(prenominal) poppycock because they feel less confident about making in the future. Factories make less stuff because people are buying less. It can be harder to get credit. Unemployment rises and run market make outs.DepressionA recession when gets out of control turns into a depres sion resulting in the countrys GDP drops by more than 10%.(Wiegand, 2009) Real life examples of great depression that happened in regular army and Finland are * From 1929 1933, the GDP of the United States decreased by 27%. * trend 1937 1938, the GDP of United states decreased by 18%. * In 1990s, after the Soviet Union fell a transgress the GDP of Finland dropped by 11%. The above given examples when compared by the global recession of 2001 in which the GDP decreased by 0.6% give the idea of the critical situation of 1930s. (Wiegand, 2009) touch of RecessionAccording to King (1997) the recession had two different plainly related impacts * The realization that competitive nation require competitive brass stimulated experiments to reform government structure and systems. * The failure of many of these experiments to yield short term benefits has led many to distrust the traditional processes and empty talk of governments.While recession exposed twain businesses and governmen ts to new global forces, snoopiness responded more flexibly than government. (p.269)Causes of RecessionThe reasons which cause the GDP to decrease and because result in recession are classified into two types which areExternal Causes of RecessionExternal causes include misusing of those same factors which are use by the government in tackling the recession. Recession is generally caused by the unwarranted application and misusing of different governmental economic policies like fiscal or monitory policies. On rare occasions, in that respect can be other types of external shocks such as oil em classifygo of 1973 74, alone unremarkably the cause of recession that does the real damage is the fiscal or pecuniary policies. The about prominent example of external cause of recession is the direful monetary control sometimes referred to as cold tur secern monetarism. (Klien 2002, p.133) intra concourse Causes of RecessionInternal causes of recession are probably more important than that of external causes of recession. These are the excesses, imbalances and distortion that develop within the structure of the economy itself as the expansion unfolds and cause consumers to cut back on their buying and business executives to cut back on production and employment. For example an prodigal build up of inventory, an imbalance in price cost movements that brings on a profit squeeze and excessive demands for credit that drive the rate beyond variable level. (Klien 2002, p.133)Strategies used by Governments to combat RecessionThe methods used by the federal government to try to pull the economy out of recession are addressed belowSetting Fiscal PoliciesAccording to Wiegand (2009) fiscal policies are basically the guidelines the government follows to collect and spend the tax money. Governments in order to tackle recession it can take the interest move * Cut Taxes so people and businesses backing more cash for expenditure on goods and services. * Increase Spendin g on government projects to boost employment. * let out safety net programs such as unemployment insurance. Adjusting Monetary PoliciesAccording to Wiegand (2009) governments can regulate economy by manipulating the supply of money. Governments can use the following measures to control the recession in the economy* Lower the amount banks have to keep in reserves.* Lower the interest rates on loans.* secure treasury bonds and loans that private entities made.Strategies used by Businesses to combat RecessionAccording to Vickers (2006) Businesses in order to recession proof its business in eccentric of economic slowdown should follow the strategies give below * Diversify its business.* bring home the bacon extraordinary customer service.* Intensify its marketing activities.* Adopt latest technology.* amaze focused towards long term goals and objectives.* Look for new ways to be innovative.Recession and Chicken/ Burger Bar MarketThe worldwide recession has affected most markets an d the chicken/burger bar market is no exception. Mintel (2010c) shows the chicken and burger bar market was worth 4.014m. However, in 2008, roughly when the recession came to the fore, this was down to 3.781m and was estimated to fall further yet.Recession and NandosA ingest conducted in declination 2010 based on the opinion of 1,966 people aged 16+, suggests 7% of people falling in the category visit Nandos. Furthermore, for the age group 15-24, this haoma rises to 19% (Mintel, 2010a). This would seem to suggest that Nandos appeals more to a jr. age group. However, one must take into consideration that the judge of 1,966 whitethorn not be a sufficient representation of the UK population. Nandos are wedded to target a young age group an idea O.K. up by the Spirit of Nandos radio campaign aimed at 18-35 year olds (Mintel, 2010b). This point is further backed up by Nandos popularity amongst celebrities (Sawyer, 2010). In addition, Mintel (2010a) also suggests that, largely, visi tors toNandos are inclined to be from the C1 and Urban Prosperity socio-economic groups. Although thither was some archival info on the customer base of Nandos, it is not sufficient for the purposes of this look for.Building on the entropy found during the literature review, this study go forth look more closely in to the customer base of Nandos. Due to lower consumer spending influenced by the recession, Nandos in the UK made a loss of 23m in only 36 weeks leading up to February 2009. However, directors of Nandos also citied rising ingredient costs as factor (Paskin, 2010). The loss of 23m over 36 weeks during the recession would seem to suggest that the recession has negatively affected Nandos. The Mintel (2008 and 2010c) reports showed that there was no significant change in Nandos market distribute in the period when recession was in progress. The seek design entrust leave behind for the reasons behind this loss to be learnd in detail. Nandos financial reports testame nt be involve to look comprehensively at their financial performance and the driving forces behind any major changes.The effect of the recession on Nandos may well have been reduced due to the brand name being perceived honest and sincere (Opoku et al, 2007). Nandos has continued to expand through the economic downturn, planning 20 plus openings and David Niven vowing to open up to 200 more within 5 years (Wootton, 2010). Another strategy explored by Nandos was the move towards being eco-friendly, underlined by unveiling the first branded UK restaurant to use its own waste cooking oil as a solitary power source (Wootton, 2009). Another tactic occupied by Nandos was to make a commitment to offer healthier options in their transportation (Eversham, 2008).Nandos strategy of not taking note of recession and expanding pass on need to be further looked in to. Their initiative towards their staff and providing healthy options leave behind also be investigated and the effectiveness o f it analysed through the inquiry methodology. Also, Nandos made a vow to make no redundancies in the recession which seems to be to keep up staff morale. And, as Moore (2010) suggests, HR methods are a major contributor to business profitability and this is a factor which is gaining more and more weight. This strategy seems to have paid some dividends with the award of three stars in the Best Companies Accreditation Scheme 2010 (Harmer, 2010).Research MethodologyDefinitionResearch methodology in research methods refers to the study of ad hoc techniques, tools or procedures applied to achieve research objectives. Research methodology includes types of data, types of study, sources of data, research tools etc. used in order to conduct the research. (Dillman, 2000)Purpose of ResearchResearch QuestionThe research is being conducted to answer the following research marvels* What is the customer base of Nandos?* If and how the recession affected Nandos?* What are the strategies used by Nandos in the recession? In order to answer the research question above the methodology used to carry out the research includes the followingNature of StudyIn order to answer the research questions this study get out require both exploratory and explanatory strategies at different points. Exploratory strategy is involve as there is not liberal information available about the research topic in helping hand as this type of research on Nandos has never been conducted before and is do for the first time. So in order to fulfil the research objectives information about Nandos is needed to be explored to investigate the effect of recession on Nandos and different strategies used by Nandos to tackle recession. (Dawson, 2002) Explanatory strategy is required as the relationship of the research findings must be established and explained in the research. (Dawson, 2002)Research OnionBy considering the research objectives and the literature review of the research project a clear structur e of the most suitable research methodology for the research is developed. Through each layer of Saunder et al. (2007) research onion plant plant model the most appropriate research methods, approaches and strategies are adopted for conducting the research in order to answer the research question. The different layers in Saunders et al. (2007) researchonion model are shown in the figure below all the layers entrust be unmarriedly discussed to explain the reason behind aiming a particular element for this specific research.Saunders et.al (2007) Research OnionResearch doctrineAs shown in the figure above the first layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research philosophy. Considering the research objectives interpretive approach is selected as the relation between Nandos and its customers is needed to be resolved in order to answer the research question. Positivism approach is also considered as the research also required qualitative and statistical data in order to correct the research findings.Research ApproachAs shown in the figure above the second layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research approach. The research design pull up stakes mainly be deductive as the use of existing literature and information on Nandos give be required to form a hypothesis which give be extensively investigated through primary research methods. However, due to an unpatterned escape of specific existing research on some of the topics, an inductive approach leave behind also be taken to help in answering the research objectives.Research StrategiesAs shown in the figure above the third layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research strategies. The research strategies employed in order to collect data for the research included the Survey, discourse and Archival research. Data salt away specifically for this research which is primary data go forth be collected through survey and interview dapple secondary which include s already published data will be collected through archival research. (Bates, 2005) A survey will be conducted a questionnaire is designed in which direct formal questions will be asked from the customers of Nandos.The questionnaires will be distributed among the customers of Nandos correspond to the principles of random precedent as according to Saunders et al. (2007) a suitable sample from the whole population canproduce the results representing the whole population. The research strategy also includes intercept interviewing in which an individual personal interview of the branch manager will be conducted which will also include direct formal questions.Research ChoiceAs shown in the figure above the fourth layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the research choice. The research choice for this research is Mixed Method as the research design will aim to collect and analyse both qualitative and valued information. This will allow for triangulation and, as Saunders et al. (2009) suggest, triangulation helps improve the thinkableness of findings, making them more valid. beat HorizonAs shown in the figure above the fifth layer of Saunders et al. (2007) research onion is the Time Horizon. Time horizon chosen for this research is Cross Sectional as all the data required to answer the research question will be collected just once and the whole research will take a month to complete. A Gantt chart is given in the appendices outlining the timetable of key activities for the project. The total research work is divided into 10 different tasks where some of the activities overlap as some of their components are inter linked.Research figureThe research design will mainly be deductive as the use of existing literature and information on Nandos will be required to form a hypothesis which will be extensively investigated through primary research methods. However, due to an apparent lack of specific existing research on some of the topics, an inductive app roach will also be taken to help in answering the research objectives. Furthermore, this study will require both exploratory and explanatory strategies at different points. The research design will aim to collect and analyse both qualitative and quantitative information. This will allow for triangulation and, as Saunders et al. (2009) suggest, triangulation helps improve the credibility of findings, making them more valid.Phase 1 Archival ResearchFirstly, mainly existing information on Nandos will be examined in order to investigate whether Nandos had indeed been affected by the recession. This part of the study will be deductive and exploratory. As regards to establishing the customer base of Nandos, reasonable databases such as Mintel will provide useful information which will help in the formation of the questionnaire and also aid in the sampling imperative information on variables such as demographics and age groups. Furthermore, reports on Mintel such as the ones examined in t he literature review, can help in identifying the affect the recession had on visitors. There are reports available which discuss and analyse who visits Nandos, and other such outlets which were briefly explored in the literature review. several(prenominal) of these reports, which have the same variables, were composed before and after the recession respectively and the differences will be closely examined to determine patterns. Archival research will provide key information in both quantitative and qualitative form which will help develop primary research methods and in the long run answering the objectives. The financial reports will provide quantitative information. The figures before, during and after the recession will be analysed through determining the changes in profitability, for example, to establish if and to what extent the recession affected Nandos.Newspaper articles and the reports on databases such as Mintel will provide qualitative information. However, one must ke ep in header that some of the data collected may be out go out and then possibly not be relevant and bring in to question the validity of findings. The quantitative findings of this phase will be analysed by the use of graphs and other such tools to show trends and patterns. (Researchers Contribution)Phase 2 QuestionnaireFollowing the analysis of data collected through the archival research, the next step will involve questionnaire conducted with Nandos customers. A questionnaire was chosen as a data solicitation tool as it can be carried out, in theory in any case, over a large sample in a reasonable amount of time, hence allowing generalisability (Saunders et al., 2009). This method will not only aim to establish Nandos customer base but also how, if at all, the recession has affected their attitudes towards Nandos. The questionnaire will be quantitative focused but will also provide opportunity to collectqualitative data. In constructing the questionnaire, the analysis of t he existing information on the customer base of Nandos found through phase 1 will be vital. The questions will be formed dependant on the type of customer base Nandos has i.e. age group or socio-economic group. The population for this data collection method will be Nandos customers.As mentioned before, Nandos has over 200 outlets in the UK. Ideally, every Nandos customer that visits every outlet would be part of the sample. However, this is not feasible and getting a sample that will allow generalisability is vital (Saunders et al., 2009). Since there is not a database of specific Nandos customers, the sampling in that regard will have to be probable in the form of random sampling. The customer assistants will be told to offer every customer the chance to take up out the unforced questionnaire. However, elements of non-probable sampling will also be present as the Nandos outlet that will be targeted for the questionnaire cannot be selected dependant on key variables identified thr ough phase 1 such as outlets with high number of visitors and location among others due to lack of resources.The outlet that will be selected will aim to be the most accurate representation on Nandos. The questionnaire will aim to cover the three types of variables, suggested by Dillman (2000), which are behaviour, opinion and attributes. The idea of offering an incentive to fill out the questionnaire may also be explored, however, this could lead to customer not answering honestly in order to get the incentive and hence hurting the validity of findings. The questionnaire active for the research is attached as an appendix.Phase 3 Interview with ManagerThe next step of the research will be to conduct a series of interview with a technical manager within Nandos. An intercept interview of an individual was chosen. As discussed in the literature review, Nandos made a commitment to staff to make no redundancies and, in basic terms, to stand by them. As with the questionnaire, the sampl ing for the interviews will have elements of both probable and non-probable elements. From the store included in the sample for the questionnaire commercial manager will be asked to participate in the voluntary interview. They will be told the purpose of the study and the fact that the study is required for educational purposes.To reduce thechance of bias within the interview, the interviewee will be offered anonymity (refer to 4.0 for further discussion on ethical issues). The interview will be structured as this will help answer pre prepared questions and will be preferred by the interviewee as it will be quick (Saunders et al., 2009). Some key themes for this interview will partly be derived from the results of the questionnaire. Interview questions can be found in the appendix. This method will provide qualitative data, by using open-ended questions, which will be further analysed. (QSR International, 2010).Practical and Ethical IssuesIn every stage of this research, there will be practical and ethical issues to bear in mind, as is the case with most research studies (Saunders et al., 2009). The major practical issues relating to data collection are access and response rate. The sample for the questionnaire will look to select outlet that have a high volume of customers to increase the chances of a high response rate. As regards to data collection, all participants will be informed that participation is voluntary and all data collected will be used in compliance with the Data Protection spot 1998.Saunders et al. (2009) state that budget and time constraints prevent surveying a whole population and the sampling will look to overcome these constraints by selecting a sample which balances budget and time while giving a credible response. Another ethical issue was in relation to the interview with the mangers of Nandos outlet. Participants will be required to fill out a brief comply form, outlining the voluntary participation and ensuring anonymity where nec essary. A brief consent form is given in the appendices.

Very Good

Computer Architecture and Assembly Language Midterm 2011 1. In bidding ADC the operands can be oTwo interpret only oTwo register and unmatchable memory post oCF and two other operands oZF and two other operands 2. subsequently the execution of reading RET oSP is incremented by 2 oSP is decremented by 2 oSP is incremented by 1 oSP is decremented by 1 3. The extended ASCII has o64 typesetters cases o128 t unmatcheds o256 characters o502 characters 4. The second byte in the word designated for screen location holds oThe dimension of the screen oCharacter position on the screen Character color on the screen oACSII code of the character 5. REP will always oIncremented CX by 1 oIncremented CX by 2 oDecremented CX by 1 oDecremented CX by 2 6. The routine that executes in response to an INT breeding is called oISR oIRS oISP oIRT 7. The iAPX888 architecture consists of _______ register. o12 o14 o16 o18 8. In the steering CMP AX,BX the contents of oAX are changed oBX are changed not conformed oCX are changed oFlag register are changed 9. All the addressing mechanisms iniAPX88 return a number called ______ address. oeffective ofaulty oindirect odirect 10.The execution of the instruction mov word ES DI, 0x0720 owill clear next character on screen owill photographic print 20 at top left of the screen owill print 20 at top right of the screen owill impinge on DI at location 0720 on the screen 11. mov byte num1,5 is _______ instruction. olegal oillegal ostack based omemory indirect 12. MOV instruction transfers a byte or word from which of the following source location. oDSDI oESSI oESDI oDSSI 13. The execution of the instruction mov word ES 0, 0x0741 will print A on the screen, color of the character will be oBlack oWhite oRed oBlue 14.If AX contains FFFFh, then after execution of instruction SAL ax, 3, the result will be o-3 o+3 o-8 o+8 15. If the decimal number 35 is shifted by two chipping to left, the new prise will be o35 o70 o140 o17 16. While using STOB S, if DF=1 then oThe value of SI will be incremented by one oThe value of SI will be incremented by two oThe value of SI will be decremented by one oThe value of SI will be decremented by two 17. After the execution of STOSW, the CX will be oDecremented by 1 oDecremented by 2 oIncremented by 1 oIncremented by 2 18. The memory address always move from oprocessor to memory memory to processor omemory to peripheral operipheral to processor 19. An offset only if is not complete without osegment ocode label oindex register odata label 20. Code section is associated to _______ register by default. oIP oSS oBP oCX 21. Write down the procedure to clear the selective bit. (Marks 2) 22. Why REP prefix is generally not used with LODS instruction? (Marks 2) 23. What is difference between REPE and REPNE? (Marks 3) 24. Describe Push and Pop with the help of an example. (Marks 3) 25. exempt all characteristics of SCAS instruction. (Marks 5) 26. Describe Local Variable? (Marks 5)

George Westinghouse’s Biography

Most pack k direct the appellation Westingho substance abuse as the name of an appliance, but where did the name come from? Many people may non know that George Westinghouse was not only an inventor, but a visionary. George Westinghouses many foundings ply the Industrial Revolution that swept through the States in the latter(prenominal) part of the nineteenth century. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the unify States. redden though America was progressing, many ill effects were brought on by this expansion. Westinghouse was iodin of the Industrialist that actually cared about the many problems he saw in urban America.Westinghouse, at the age of forty-two, could no colossaler ignore the evils of sociable upheaval created by too rapid industrial development(Levine, 2). George Westinghouse wanted something done, but it looked as if he was the only one that would do it. George Westinghouse had twistd many areas of his era and ours. His many inventions, his goo d-willed policy toward his work ers and his business practices waste touch on all of us but nothing will compare to the influences that he left on our countrys upper- manakin the concept that they had a responsibility toward the order of magnitude that had made them who they were.George Westinghouse was born eight of ten children into a middle crystallize family on October 6, 1846. Westinghouses father ran a venial machine shop in Schendectady, NY, that manufactured nearly(prenominal)ly farm implements as a result, Westinghouse was introduced to the world of machines at a truly early age. Due to curiosities he found during the civilian War, in which he served in both the Northern Army and the Navy, Westinghouse invented a rotary steam engine. At age nineteen, this was his first patented invention how incessantly, the endeavor proved to be impractical.Despite his troubles, Westinghouse went on to invent a device for placing derailed railroad cars back on their tracks. The next year, Westinghouse was riding on a sound outy that was suddenly brought to a stop to avoid a wrecked train on the tracks ahead. The halt that were in use on trains around the world at this time were operated manually. Westinghouse knew that there must be a safer and quicker way to stop a train. After notice rock drills, that used compressed aureole to drill tunnels through mountains, Westinghouse wondered if the use of compressed air could be applied to brakes.This led to one of Westinghouses most famous and most influential inventions ever. Westinghouse did not know it, but he was on his way to changing the course of the nation. However, at age xx two, his new air brake and he got little attention. If I image you, young man, you propose to stop a railroad train with captivated. I have no time to listen to such nonsense, said Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, one of the most powerful railroad owners of the time (Comptons,4). Finally, on a small railroad outside of Pittsb urgh, Pennsylvania, Westinghouse was able to try out his new air brake.On the trial run, the train came to a crossing where a farmers station waggon had broken down. Upon seeing this, the locomotives engineer applied the new braking system. Too everyones surprise, the train was jolted to a halt further much, the train was stopped yards in battlefront of the farmers wagon. Even though almost everyone did fall out of their seat, this was the beginning of Westinghouses influence on the world. Eventually, the Railroad Safety Act of 1893 would make air brakes compulsory on all U. S. trains(Britannica, 6). At this point, Westinghouse established the Westinghouse short letter brake Company.By 1869, already, Westinghouses success was almost guaranteed. George Westinghouses next frontier was railroad signaling. With the ever increasing use and expansion of railroads, signaling became a major problem. He created a signaling system using compressed air and electrical energy thus, the Union Switch and Signal Company was founded in 1882. Indeed, Westinghouse doed the railroads amplely. With his railroad inventions, railroads became safer accordingly, booster cable to the instillation of railroad passengers with confidence.He also created a more lucrative operation for the railroads. The bigger profits that were made by the railroad barons, the more they invested and the faster the Industrial Revolution took place. In this fast growing economy, Westinghouse, who was now financially stable, started to tinker with electricity and internal gas. With a well bore in his yard, Westinghouse developed and marketed a system for the control and distribution of natural gas in Pittsburgh.To twenty-four hour periods natural gas industry owes its existence to Mr. Westinghouse(Shumaker, 4). development the knowledge gained from his work in natural gas, Westinghouse developed a system for the distribution of electricity. He imported both a motor and its inventor, Nikola Tesla, from Europe. With the help of Tesla and three American engineers, Westinghouse developed a new electrical transformer that allowed electricity to be carried over long distances however, Westinghouses design used alternating authentic, spell such people as Thomas Edison used and were promoting direct current electricity.This started the Battle of the Currents, as it was called (Corporate, 1). The advocates and financiers, led by Edison, of the DC system instantly tried to discredit Westinghouses use of the AC system as short as his Alternating Current components were made available on the market. These people charged that AC power was a menace to society. As if they did not do enough already to deface Westinghouse, they successfully had the state of refreshing York install a Westinghouse AC generator as the official bureau of executing death sentences.These charges were untrue therefore, they were insufficient in the suppressment of the use of AC power. AC power was given over credibility when Westinghouse won the contract to airheaded the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893. It was said to be a dazzling spectacle of a quarter of a million lights that take the show. Reflecting the Battle of the currents, Nikola Tesla later wrote, George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circum stances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and capital power.He was one of the worlds true noblemen, of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude (Corporate, 1) . On January 8, 1886, with a stroke of the Governor of Pennsylvanias pen, the Westinghouse galvanizing Company was granted a charter. This company, which would turn out to be the most important of George Westinghouses many companies, had two-hundred employees and was rigid in a rented building in Pittsburghs Garrison Alley Section. By this point in his life, Westinghouse had founded a few other companies.His air brake company had been expanded to France, England and Germany. This idea of a company going world-wide was relatively new. This led a surge of American companies to expand beyond the United States American influence was being spread around the world. Westinghouse had also founded a machine shop in Pittsburgh in 1881. Westinghouse was very distinct from most of the other American Industrialist. From the start, Westinghouse was not motivated by money or power. He was motivated by knowing that his inventions and other work would be used to help mankind.Within two years after the Westinghouse Electric Company was founded, the company had grown from the original two-hundred employees to more than three green employees by 1888. By 1890, the Westinghouse Electric Company sales totaled quartette million dollars Westinghouse had also installed more than three-hundred electrical generators including Niagara Falls, by this time. Westinghouses busin ess practices were very different than the business practices of they day. Westinghouse clearly was not a businessman, yet because of his dreams, he successfully ran his businesses in a way that baffled many businessmen.From the start, Westinghouse was interested with the welfare of his employees. His employees were his prime consideration in any business decision. Westinghouses workers had a six day, fifty-five minute of arc work week. This work week include five ten hour days, Monday through Friday, and a five hour day on Saturday. It seemed strange to other employers of the time to give employees a half-day on Saturday, but this was part of Westinghouses philosophy. Another benefit of working for Westinghouse was the aid plan.One of the earliest known, Westinghouse provided a pension for each of his workers. The employees of Westinghouses businesses also authentic medical coverage. If an employee fell sick or was injured, he and his family would receive money from the compensa tion fund to live, and the finest medical services available would be given to the worker. A Veteran Employees Association was formed. Any employee with twenty years or more of service could join. This evolv ed into the formation of a Grievance deputation made up of three shop men and three forethought personnel.The Grievance Committee would form to resolve such issues as the avocation working conditions, working methods, and limits of the workers. Westinghouses Grievance Committee set the path for fag reform in America. Westinghouse revolutionized the way the American employee worked hence, Westinghouse was received as the high hat boss in Pittsburgh. Consequently, he won the resentment of the other employers in Pittsburgh and at long last the country. Westinghouse became famous to every citizen by a means different than his inventions. Westinghouse actually created his own townshipship.Westinghouse became perplexed with the problems that he saw in Pittsburgh The town had g rew from a small city to a booming industrial mecca-center fill with smoky factories and pollution filled avenues. He watched the people work long hours, many were immigrants and others were Native Americans in search of a decent aliment furthermore, they came home at night to horrible run down homes where poorly(p) children played in piles of rubbish and rarely attended school. Crime, indisposition and alcoholism were becoming the image of the industrial world. Westinghouse knew that it could be better than this.He knew that all this progress was not for the working class to become illiterate, morbid and delinquent and for the rich to become isolated and forgetful of what they see. George Westinghouse wondered why cryptograph did anything about it. Politicians would not address it, the upper class would not diagnose it, and the workers were too busy in their rat race to care. Westinghouse decided he must take action. Westinghouse began reading up on the problem. He read of e xperiments in Denmark and Sweden where model communities where being made by business and political science officials.Westinghouse knew what he would have to do, but it was a very risky bring nevertheless, George had learned not to be frightened off by gossamer ideas. George Westinghouse contacted a leading architectural firm and told them I want you to design a factory and surround it with a town,(Levine, 2). He visioned a town of state-of-the-art factories, a research laboratory, good schools, residential district centers, a infirmary and inexpensive houses for the employees. Running water and electricity would be standard. In 1890, the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was completely moved to the new site, called Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.The workshops had the most fresh lighting, heating, ventilation and safety facilities,(Levine, 2). Each house in the town had a complete indoor bathroom, electric lighting, and natural gas out lets for cooking and heating. The houses had a lawn with grass, shrubbery, and trees. The houses were rented to the workers with an option to buy. For the children, there were the following schools that were brightly decorated to draw in them to stay, a community center with gymnasiums, a library and meeting rooms.Westinghouse had unfeignedly out done himself this time thought the whole country nevertheless, George Westinghouse felt up that he had accomplished his greatest achievement, and indeed he had. Westinghouses model community sent a silent shock-wave to the upper class society of America. Westinghouse was relation back these people that they had a responsibility to society. The age of a two class society was over. The American worker now had rights and had power. It took a decade or two, but Westinghouses vision of America as an Industrial power eventually took shape with the help of the labor movement.Unfortunately, Westinghouse lost control of most of his companies in the financial panic of 1907 this was mostly due to the negative attitude toward him by other employers, his financial backers and his stockholders. Westinghouse died on March 12, 1914 it was a sad day at the Westinghouse companies. A man who cared, a man who listened, a great man was gone forever.George Westinghouse and his wife Marguerite, to whom he credits his success, are bury in Arlington National Cemetery outside Washington, D. C. Overall, millions, if not billions of people have benefi ted from his companies, inventions, and his visions. Would you have safe, odorless, and efficient lights in your house would you see an illuminated advertizing on the highway or would you have a paid pass if it was not for George Westinghouse? He invented all those things. How about your pension? The hundred largest pensions in the U. S. have assets exceeding two trillion dollars,(Muhlenkamp, 3). That is something George Westinghouse would have enjoyed to see.